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Aerial view of an Apennine valley with a winding road, a small town, fields and mountain ridges
Credits: Image generated with AI technology

The Apennines: The Spine That Changed the History of Italian Cities

The Apennines have shaped Italy’s cities, roads, economies and local identities for centuries. More than a mountain chain, they are a system of valleys, basins and passes that has governed where people could settle, trade, defend themselves and travel. From Bologna and Florence to L’Aquila and Perug...
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Realistic view of the Gulf of Naples with Vesuvius, the port, hills and the city built along the coast.
Credits: Image generated with AI technology

Naples Between Volcano and Sea: How Geography Explains Part of Its Character

Naples is often explained through quick images: Vesuvius, the sea, the energy of the street. Its urban history is more concrete and more revealing. The gulf, port, hills, volcanic soils, population density and daily coexistence with risk have shaped growth, trade, mobility and the use of space. Geog...
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